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Titre:
The second digital turn

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Résumé:
Almost a generation ago, the early software for computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) spawned a style of smooth and curving lines and surfaces that gave visible form to the first digital age, and left an indelible mark on contemporary architecture. But today's digitally intelligent architecture no longer looks that way. In The Second Digital Turn, Mario Carpo explains that this is because the design professions are now coming to terms with a new kind of digital tools they have adopted—no longer tools for making but tools for thinking. In the early 1990s the design professions were the first to intuit and interpret the new technical logic of the digital age: digital mass-customization (the use of digital tools to mass-produce variations at no extra cost) has already changed the way we produce and consume almost everything, and the same technology applied to commerce at large is now heralding a new society without scale—a flat marginal cost society where bigger markets will not make anything cheaper. But today, the unprecedented power of computation also favors a new kind of science where prediction can be based on sheer information retrieval, and form finding by simulation and optimization can replace deduction from mathematical formulas. Designers have been toying with machine thinking and machine learning for some time, and the apparently unfathomable complexity of the physical shapes they are now creating already expresses a new form of artificial intelligence, outside the tradition of modern science and alien to the organic logic of our mind.

Titre:
AA words 6 : projectiles

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Résumé:
Bernard Cache is the principal of the Paris-based practice Objectile – which he founded in 1996 with Patrick Beaucé – and a noted theorist of geometry and computational ontology. He formulated his concept of 'non-standard architecture' in his 1995 book Earth Moves: The Furnishing of Territories, a concept that was given the name 'objectile' by Gilles Deleuze in his book on the philosopher Leibniz, The Fold. This collection of ten essays brings together a number of key texts by Cache. These include his 1999 'Plea for Euclid' and more recent writing commissioned especially for this collection, including 'Vitruvius Machinator Terminator'.

Titre:
The digital turn in architecture, 1992-2012

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Résumé:
The digital turn in architecture has gone through several stages and phases, and Architectural Design (AD) has captured them all. This anthology of AD's most salient articles is chronologically and thematically arranged to provide a complete historical timeline of the rise to pre-eminence of computer-based design and production. A pedagogical and research tool, this synopsis also relates the present state of digitality in architecture to the history and theory of its recent development and trends.

Titre:
Perspective, projections & design : Technologies of Architectural Representation

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The essays selected for this book, presented in chronological order, discuss various aspects of image-making technologies, geometrical knowledge and tools for architectural design, focusing in particular on two historical periods marked by comparable patterns of technological and cultural change. The first is the Renaissance; characterized by the rediscovery of linear perspectives and the simultaneous rise of new formats for architectural drawing and design on paper; the second, the contemporary rise of digital technologies and the simultaneous rise of virtual reality and computer-based design and manufacturing. Many of the contributing authors explore the parallel between the invention of the perspectival paradigm in early-modern Europe and the recent development of digitized virtual reality. This issue in turn bears on the specific purposes of architectural design, where various representational tools and devices are used to visualize bi-dimensional aspects of objects that must be measured and eventually built in three-dimensional space.

Titre:
Architecture in the age of printing : orality, writing, typography, and printed images in the history of architectural theory

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Résumé:
The discipline of architecture depends on the transmission in space and time of accumulated experiences, concepts, rules, and models. From the invention of the alphabet to the development of ASCII code for electronic communication, the process of recording and transmitting this body of knowledge has reflected the dominant information technologies of each period. In this book Mario Carpo discusses the communications media used by Western architects, from classical antiquity to modern classicism, showing how each medium related to specific forms of architectural thinking. Carpo highlights the significance of the invention of movable type and mechanically reproduced images. He argues that Renaissance architectural theory, particularly the system of the five architectural orders, was consciously developed in response to the formats and potential of the new printed media. Carpo contrasts architecture in the age of printing with what preceded it: Vitruvian theory and the manuscript format, oral transmission in the Middle Ages, and the fifteenth-century transition from script to print. He also suggests that the basic principles of "typographic" architecture thrived in the Western world as long as print remained our main information technology. The shift from printed to digital representations, he points out, will again alter the course of architecture.

Titre:
L'architecture à l'âge de l'imprimerie

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L'architecture, son évolution comme sa connaissance, dépend en grande partie de la circulation et de la transmission dans l'espace et le temps d'une accumulation d'expériences, de règles ou de modèles. Voilà pourquoi ce livre examine les moyens de communication utilisés par les architectes occidentaux, de Vitruve à l'époque moderne, en montrant comment chaque média influe sur les formes spécifiques de la pensée architecturale et sur les modalités de la diffusion des savoirs.

Titre:
Beyond digital: Design and automation at the end of modernity

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Résumé:
In this book, Mario Carpo reviews the long history of the computational mode of production, showing how the merger of robotic automation and artificial intelligence will stop and reverse the modernist quest for scale. Today's technologies already allow us to use nonstandard building materials as found, or as made, and assemble them in as many nonstandard, intelligent, adaptive ways as needed: the microfactories of our imminent future will be automated artisan shops.The post-industrial logic of computational manufacturing has been known and theorized for some time. By tracing its theoretical and technical sources, and reviewing the design theories that accompanied its rise, Carpo shows how the computational project is now being recast by the urgency of the climate crisis and by the global pandemic, which has tragically proven its viability. Looking at the work of a new generation of designers, technologists, and producers, this volume offers a new modern agenda for our post-industrial future.

Titre:
Les cahiers de la recherche architecturale et urbaine 17 : perspective, projections, projet - technologies de la représentation architecturale

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Depuis les premiers artifices de la représentation du bâti, que nous pouvons notamment connaître grâce au traité de Vitruve, jusqu’aux nouvelles possibilités offertes à la figuration et à la fabrication de formes par les outils numériques, la question du dessin et de la perspective est au cœur du projet architectural et urbain. Les processus de conception et les figures du projet sont en effet inséparables, en Occident, de ses techniques de représentation.

Titre:
The alphabet and the algorithm

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Résumé:
In this volume, Mario Carpo points to one key practice of modernity: the making of identical copies. Carpo highlights two examples of identicality crucial to the shaping of architectural modernity: in the fifteenth century, Leon Battista Alberti's invention of architectural design, according to which a building is an identical copy of the architect's design; and, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the mass production of identical copies from mechanical master models, matrixes, imprints, or molds. The modern power of the identical, Carpo argues, came to an end with the rise of digital technologies. Everything digital is variable. Carpo compares new forms of postindustrial digital craftsmanship to hand-making and the cultures and technologies of variations that existed before the coming of machine-made, identical copies. Carpo reviews the unfolding of digitally based design and construction from the early 1990s to the present, and suggests a new agenda for architecture in an age of variable objects and of generic and participatory authorship.